______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Radu Tîrcă and Ștefania Hîrleață are students at University of Architecture and Urbanism 'Ion Mincu', Bucharest. At present, they lead their theoretical research on the subject of thermal towns and diploma projects in Govora Baths under the guidance of Stefan Simion, Irina Tulbure and Ilinca Paun Constantinescu. As students, they won second prize and best student project in a BeeBreeders international architecture competition - Mango Vynil Hub, third prize in a Zeppelin national competition - Prototip pentru comunitate, as well as other mentions in other competitions.


Introduction
Esiste la regola, ma non esiste la ricetta. - Livio Vacchini
Kersten Geers and David Van Severen have been OFFICE since 2002. They met back in the 1990s at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, where they attended classes taught by Iñaki Ábalos and Juan Herreros — an important part of their cultural genealogy. In the early 2000s, they met Bas Princen, who would later photograph The Notary, their first completed project, following a humorous promise that he would document all their future work. In 2010, Innocence, issue zero of San Rocco, was published. The magazine emerged from the shared interests and friendships of a generation of architects who met during that same decade: Matteo Ghidoni, Matteo Costanzo, Kersten Geers, Francesca Pellicciari, Giovanni Piovene, Giovanna Silva, Pier Paolo Tamburelli, Andrea Zanderigo, Ludovico Centis, Michele Marchetti, Stefano Graziani, Paolo Carpi.
Echoing the conference, Mazzocchioo#11 brings together these intertwined trajectories through the presence of Kersten Geers —architect, teacher, writer; Bas Princen — artist, photographer; and Matteo Ghidoni — San Rocco editor-in-chief, architect, teacher. Rather than presenting them in isolation, the talk traces the continuities and resonances that link their practices and friendships within a shared architectural culture — an evolving conversation that Mazzocchioo continues to cultivate.
What follows are a few thoughts that grow out of the interviews in this issue.
The project, the photography, and the written text structurally inform one another, each becoming an instrument in defining the others.
As Bas notes, the essence of the visual argument lies in the idea that photography reveals something about reality that everyone can see, yet no one truly notices. It has the power to lift reality out of its preconceived perception and return it to its ontological strangeness.
Kersten acknowledges that photography — the a posteriori gaze upon the built project — has profoundly influenced the way even the architect perceives the work he has just created. This is not merely a perceptual fact; it also represents a kind of test of the initial intentions to which the architect subjects the completed work. In the long run, this process shapes the architect’s way of thinking: architects cultivate obsessions, pursue certain themes, and this visual argument can either confirm or challenge their line of thought.
Photography can thus testify to the theoretical significance that a particular building holds. And in this particular story, Bas is uniquely positioned: he knows intimately the subtleties of OFFICE’s work. As Kersten notes, theirs has been a shared evolution —“OFFICE time and Bas time are the same to some extent.”
This affinity emerged from a shared, mirrored radicality in their thinking. Just as OFFICE gravitates toward a zero-degree architecture, reducing its conceptual vocabulary to the essentials of the discipline — room, perimeter, structure, light, material, repetition, and so on — Bas, from the outset, grounds his art in a similarly abstract and conceptual approach. For him, a space is not depicted merely to represent reality, but to propose a certain use through the chosen viewpoint.
It is a work of hierarchy and of educated omission: by mastering the placement of the focal point, one can deliberately exclude certain things. In doing so, Bas observes that “a certain possibility of use starts to appear.” OFFICE’s architecture of the perimeter, in turn, provides an exceptional framework for photography to explore this critical reading of reality.
Following Rossi, Kersten cites Loos’s claim that all good architecture is describable. This suggests a defined narrative — a structured line of thought — underlying each project. It also points to the way architecture — and, in this case, photography — can be mirrored into text. Both Kersten and Bas have, through essays, interviews, and conferences, made their thinking visible.
Yet what matters most is that the practice of architecture is rooted in experience and intuition, which are then amplified through a discursive narrative. This narrative not only shapes the projects but also makes them communicable to others. At the same time, it opens the path for further research, allowing each project to inspire new explorations in future works.
For Kersten, this may take the form of coherence, as reflected in his use of the phrase train of thought. Within a project, it is essential that all elements be coherent with one another, and this applies equally when the project forms part of the office’s broader research. Arbitrariness is a flaw.
Yet coherence, for him, is never a formula. It emerges from lived experience — from observing artists, reading the biographies of other architects, visiting buildings, writing, teaching, and constructing. Through these intertwined acts, architecture can embrace contradiction and complexity, a richness that is ultimately measured and validated only by the form itself — the form that contains and reflects all reasoning and facets of the project.
Bas highlights the importance of always establishing a link between past projects and those yet to come. “The image creates a reference, linking it to something you’ve seen before — perhaps your own work or something from the history of image-making. There’s a certain resonance between reality and your mind that you have to accept, not manipulate.”
In relation to this self-referential genealogy of work, Bas emphasizes the importance of producing photographs as part of a series — a larger, cohesive project rather than as isolated objects. In this sense, the images of OFFICE’s architecture form a series, while his own artistic inquiries are similarly organized: The Reservoir series, The American West, Artificial Arcadia, and others.
Yet the creation of a series is often slow and fluid. As Bas explains, “Sometimes it can take a few years before pictures make sense, because they don’t fit in a series, don’t have a proper neighbor, or don’t immediately show what they reference.” The series establishes relationships between its elements, rendering its internal logic visible. It carries a critical dimension, articulating a theoretical stance and, in doing so, offering a discourse on the discipline itself.
This mirrors OFFICE’s way of working. Beginning with their first project, The Notary’s Office (2002-05), their underlying theme has always been exploring how a room can generate a project and what defines it — its limits, light, materiality, self-referentiality, interior or exterior, and so on. The research opened up new territories, which can be named in a deliberately anachronistic list: shifting focus from the content toward the perimeter (Summer House, Ghent 2004-07); dematerializing the room through its geometry and orienting it toward the landscape (Solo House, Matarraña 2012-17), the series of rooms (New Museum, Ostend 2004); changes in scale of the room (Border Crossing, Anapra 2005); taking the room to a territorial dimension (Cité de Réfuge, Ceuta 2007); radically changing scale and transforming architecture into an inhabited territory (Media House, RTS Lausanne 2014-25); and connecting architecture and the city in terms of thinking (A Grammar for the City, Daejeon 2005).
The room also functions as the idiosyncratic, critical lens through which OFFICE engages with and comments on the history of the discipline: the 25 rooms of Ordos (2008-09) — “an Italian palazzo emerging from the deep grounds of the desert” ; the 18 rooms of Villa Buggenhout (2007-12) — “the house […] is a villa […]; it integrates within its architecture elements that belong to the garden and the landscape – just as Palladio’s villas do, or as Schinkel did at Charlottenburg” ; the incomplete room of The Belgian Pavilion (2007-08) — “a simple spatial gesture produces architecture and exhibition, one entirely coinciding with the other. Through this, it establishes a relationship with certain willfully misunderstood historical events, chief among them Le Corbusier’s Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau.”
1
2
3
San Rocco may appear radical, generic (in the good sense), and heroic—an isolated cultural act. Yet all culture is contextual, and its significance is inseparable from its context: in this case, the institution of the architectural magazine and its critical role.
Bas points to the gradual decline of the autonomy of architectural magazines and the support network they once provided photographers, allowing them to develop their own perspectives and offer personal readings of the photographed work. Magazines historically had editorial projects and positions, which they constructed and defended by curating texts and images; the photographs themselves were not merely illustrations of objects, but commented on how these objects were embedded in the urban fabric, the landscape, and the broader cultural context.
Today, for various reasons, magazines assume less responsibility in shaping substantial debates and expect more from those they feature. Perhaps they have shifted from proposing theses and a coherent set of beliefs to a more simplified role of dissemination. As Bas observes, “You’re more likely asked to present a pre-formed idea, which is shown but not really discussed.” In this way, the critical role of the magazine fades.
As one of the key founders of San Rocco, Kersten echoes Bas’s observations. He recalls his initial dissatisfaction with the state of architectural publications: “Magazines like Domus, Archis were very uninteresting, basically just copy-pasting texts that offices provided, with a few pictures.” This dissatisfaction created the impetus to produce a new critical vessel — San Rocco —“one that was actually about architecture, where anything was allowed.”
At the heart of San Rocco was the radical ownership of its own agenda: “We needed to counter this lifestyle, some kind of neo-journalism in architecture, and also in writing about architecture. We felt we had to bring back architecture itself — writing about architecture — with a slight fun factor, by embracing figures of the past, mixing them with something super contemporary, and, most of all, daring to say, to speak out: I like, I dislike, bullshit, whatever.”
As an intentional manifesto to break with the inertial drift toward a dull field of communication, San Rocco formally defined its format: a five-year plan, topics announced from the outset, a timeline that implied an end, and, importantly, a free attitude infused with humor, allowing a direct engagement with the fundamental themes of architecture. Taken together, these elements form a carefully constructed body of statements about what it means to talk about architecture.
Matteo captures the essence by noting that the magazine placed its focus squarely on the projects themselves, rather than on architectural theory in general. These projects occupied a deliberately anachronistic space defined by San Rocco: contemporary buildings alongside edifices of the past, each treated as a form of architectural thinking. This approach carries an implicit preference — history over theory. As Matteo observes, “It brings history into the present, making it relevant for today, and seeing how it works before tackling theory. As such, San Rocco belongs to the Italian tradition of operative history, which was criticized as a non-objective history because it is driven by intentions — by project intentions.”
This, ultimately, is the spirit of San Rocco: reclaiming the courage to state one’s beliefs, obsessions, and passions; taking sides; instigating debate; and confronting the status quo.
This was made possible through the collective effort of the broader group that shaped San Rocco. Reflecting on the recurring topics, Matteo invokes Giorgio Grassi’s phrase: “Architecture is the architectures.” Though seemingly tautological, it gestures toward the totality of built and unbuilt projects across history. These recurring topics emerged from the group’s shared responses to the “stupid and difficult question”: What is architecture? The outcome is a form of collective knowledge, visible only through the architectural projects that history preserves.
As Matteo reflects, “I think that around these three core ideas — architecture as collective knowledge, architecture as a collaborative process, and architecture as a formal problem — we tried to develop the editorials, each focusing on different aspects and nuances of them.” In this way, the magazine itself becomes a testament to architecture as both practice and reflection, a collective inquiry into the nature of the discipline.
As a side note, it is worth observing the cultural and pedagogical approaches presented in this issue, both as reflections and as catalysts of the modes of production within OFFICE and San Rocco. In conversation with Kersten and Matteo, one senses a certain freedom in their methodological stance: a pragmatic attitude, generous in its confidence in a young generation that is capable and eager to learn, and to take part in the processes of knowledge exploration and production. The underlying conviction is that teaching is research.
Kersten, in his radical positioning, goes to the essence: “the only thing you can do is share your thoughts with the students, share your doubts, discuss this, push them into an amount of directions, but be open, and look for possible tracks, possible doors, possible maneuvers, and land together. And that’s why there’s no distinction there. I don’t have the money, so to speak, to have a research lab and to teach on the side. [..] we have very good students. [..] if you bring something to the table, they’re interested, they want to work. And they’re also skilled enough — that’s the ultimate luxury — I don’t have to teach them architecture per se. I only have to teach them architecture culture. And that happens to be my interest, my topic, my research.”
Matteo mirrors in his teaching — or perhaps the other way around — San Rocco’s strategy articulated in The Book of Copies: a way of looking at architecture through its forms, types, and characteristics. Conceived as a collective repository of images to be copied, The Book of Copies frames architecture as an accumulative, derivative practice rooted in the simple act of collecting. As in San Rocco, students are encouraged to form synthetic and personal thoughts on the discipline, developing critical views on the built reality through the zero-degree act of accumulation.
I am among those who believe that form is never a mere result — nor a question of superficial appearance — but a deliberate synthesis of the many forces at play in artistic production. Form embodies the author’s educated subjectivity, their position within a discipline and its tradition, and their capacity to order a hierarchy of problems ranging from the apparently particular to those that open toward broader cultural, social, and political dimensions. Form is a big, big issue. Form is not innocent: it bears witness to the author’s inner battles and reflects the manifold contexts that have conditioned the emergence of the work.
Mazzocchioo #11 brings together a remarkable and complementary group of individuals who, over more than twenty years of shared practice and reflection, have cultivated a sustained passion for — and commitment to — the form of things.
Conceptually, form is at once a reason and a result. San Rocco was founded on the shared belief that architecture is primarily a formal problem. As Matteo noted, “by addressing form and space, you address all the other issues: political, social and so on; so we cannot avoid the topic of form through which all these other values converge and are made into a manifest.” In deciding its character, San Rocco, as a commentary on its own editorial nature, began by defining its form through pragmatic, concrete decisions: a five-year plan, twenty issues, a declared ending, announced topics, treated as a folder, a catalogue of projects, with a specific theme for each issue; and NO text on the cover. Its spirit was also, in a way, a formal statement: as Kersten remarked, “San Rocco was like this kind of alternative music fanzine: zero compromises, you hate everybody, sometimes you love everybody.
Bas returns to the profound idea of documentary photography, a notion that is gaining renewed relevance today. “Fifteen or ten years ago, I would never have called my work documentary. But now, in an age where images circulate online, are not fixed, and are subject to minor alterations — whatever the algorithms do — the idea of the document is becoming more important again. The document, as a print or as an archival object, can exist online, but it should definitely exist offline. So, in a way, this is a long introduction to the work I’m doing now.” The uniqueness of the object is central. It requires deliberate decisions regarding its physical form: the type of paper, dimensions, framing, lighting, and so on. This process may have led Bas to his profound meditations on space through the pavilions he created, sometimes in collaboration with OFFICE: images of reality reintroduced into the world of things as site-specific installations. In some cases, as with Wilmarsdonk, the photographs documenting the past serve as witnesses to the actual aging of the old, depicted tower, merging image and reality in a temporal continuum.
Kersten belongs “to a generation of architects who believe that if architecture has the desire to survive, than it needs to be obsessively busy with itself”. The laboratory he led at EPFL was named FORM. The acronym itself functioned as a manifesto at a time when prevailing cultural fashions reduced architecture to the mere outcome of other concerns — social, political, journalistic, and so on. FORM, obsessively and systematically, sought to restore architecture from this marginal position, academically instrumentalizing its key elements, themes, and protagonists: room, grid, material, perimeter, light, structure, geometry; scale and typology, the big box, the evenly covered field; history, complexity and contradiction, zero-degree architecture; Bramante, Koolhaas, Palladio and Scamozzi, Mies and McKim, Mead & White, Rossi, Ruscha, LeWitt, Ungers, Stirling, Krier, Hockney, Siza and Venturi and their mothers, Hans Hollein, Bas Princen, and many others.
Later, his academic activity stands under the name Office without Office — a reverse, tongue-in-cheek reference to OMA and AMO — reflecting the ideal that practice, academia, and research should be unified. Illustrating this fundamental belief, OFFICE’s work is highly critical and theoretically charged; it is not composed of episodic responses to successive commissions. Their architecture is describable, coherent, and finds character within itself: “An architecture made as a sequence of spaces, is one that concentrates on the threshold, both internally and between the inside and outside. It is an architecture that is increasingly disconnected from its real content, and that – perhaps in an old tradition – concentrates on the perimeter. One could say it is an architecture without content, provocatively perhaps, but with the aim of emphasizing that its primary function lies not in the manipulation of what it contains, but rather in the simple mediation between what happens inside and outside.”
4
5
Announcing Mazzocchioo.Talks #12, featuring Go Hasegawa and Junya Ishigami, we would like to express our gratitude to Go for allowing us to include in this issue an excerpt from the interview he conducted with Kersten and David in 2014, as part of his Conversations with European Architects.
We chose to republish here the subchapter “Measuring System and Space for Life” because, as Kersten notes in this dialogue, it might indeed be true “that the most important thing you can do as an architect is introduce a set of references, a ruler, a measuring system.” Defining the form of things.
6
1 - Emanuel Christ, “Renaissance in the desert”, in OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen, vol. 1, ed. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2017), 132.
2 - Eric Lapierre, “Villa Buggenhout”, in OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen, vol. 1, ed. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2017), 91.
3 - Wilfried Kuehn, in OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen, vol. 1, ed. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2017), 125.
4 - Kersten Geers and David Van Severen, “Exposing Architecture,” in OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen, vol. 1, ed. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2017), 7.
5 - Kersten Geers and David Van Severen, “Architecture Without Content,” in OFFICE Kersten Geers David Van Severen, vol. 2, ed. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2017), 94.
6 - Go Hasegawa, “Conversation with Kersten Geers and David Van Severen,” in Conversation with European Architects, ed. LIXIL Publishing (Tokyo: LIXIL Publishing, 2020), 227–68.


